定语从句（Ⅰ）——that,which,who和whose引导的定语从句

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词用作定语的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代 that,which,who,whom, whose和as以及关系副词when, where和why等。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

(1)that的用法

that的先行词是人或物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

主要特点有:①that在定语从句中作主语时不省略,作宾语时可以省略;

②that不引导非限制性定语从句;

③that前不加介词

例子 Theforeigners that visited our school yesterday are from Canada.

昨天参观我们学校的外国人来自加拿大。(that代替人,作主语)

I like the book very much ( that ) my uncle gaveme.

我非常喜欢我叔叔给我的这本书。(that代替物,作宾语)

只能用that引导定语从句的情况:

①先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰;

②先行词是不定代词all, the one, everything等;

③先行词被 any , the only , the last等修饰

④先行词既指人又指物时

例子 Alice is the only person ( that ) I can trustin the office.

爱丽丝是办公室里我唯一信任的人。(先行词被the only修饰只用that)

(2)which的用法

先行词是物,在定语从句中作主主语或宾语。

主要特点:①which在定语从句中作主语时不能省略,作宾语时可以省略,引导非限制性定语从句时不能省略;

②which的前面可以有介词;

③which的先行词可以是前面数个的的句子,意为”这使…….;这一点……”。

例子 A computeris a machine which can do many things for us.

电脑是一种可以为我们做许多事情的机器。( which作主语)

The chair on which she sat is made of wood

她坐的椅子是用木头做的。( which作介词的宾语)

Mo yan was awarded the nobelprize in literature , which made us happy

莫言被授子诺贝尔文学奖,这使我们非常高兴。( which引导非限制性定语从句)

(3)who,whom的用法

who, whom的先行词是人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,前面也可以加介词。whom直接在介词后作宾语时,不可以用who代替。

例子 I like theboy who gets along well with his classmates

我喜欢那个与他的同学相处得好的男孩。

Dr.yuan is a man who / whom we can learn a lot from.

Dr.yuan is a man from whom we can learn a lot.（whom在从句中作宾语,位于from后,不能用who代替）

袁博士是一个我们可以从他身上学到很多的人。

先行词为one,ones, anyone或 those时,或双重定语从句中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个指人的关系代词词用who

例子 God helps those who helpthemselves.自助者天助之。

（4）whose的的用法

whose的先行词是人或物,在定语从句中作定语。

例子 Could youpass me the book whose cover is green ?

你能把那本绿色封皮的书递给我吗?

Mike , whose ambition is to become a network engineer , always works hard.

将来想成为一名网络工程师的迈克,一直刻苦学习。

用于指物时,” whose 名词”可用限定词 名词 of which"或”of which 限定词 名词”代替。

例子 The housewhose windows face south is ours.

=The house the windows of which face south is ours

=The house of which the windows facesouth is ours

窗户朝南的那所房子是我们的。